Skip to main content

Scientific American

Sign In
|Newsletters

COVID
Health
Mind & Brain
Environment
Technology
Space & Physics
Video
Podcasts
Opinion

Subscribe
Current Issue
Sign In
Newsletters

Save $10 on digital!

"extreme-ice-survey"

No Results

Advertisement

Support Science Journalism

Discover world-changing science. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners.

Follow us

instagram
soundcloud
youtube
twitter
facebook
rss

Scientific american arabic

Return & Refund Policy
About
Press Room

FAQs
Contact Us
Site Map

Advertise
SA Custom Media
Terms of Use

Privacy Policy
Your US State Privacy Rights
Your Privacy Choices/Manage Cookies
International Editions

Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.

© 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Nature America, Inc.

All Rights Reserved.

Support science journalism.

Scientific American paper issue and on tablet

Thanks for reading Scientific American. Knowledge awaits.

Already a subscriber? Sign in.

Thanks for reading Scientific American. Create your free account or Sign in to continue.

See Subscription Options

Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription.

You may cancel at any time.